Refugees from Tenbeba village at Treguine refugee camp in eastern Chad. Fatna Idriss Adam is first on the left in the front row. Photograph: Gethin Chamberlain In Japan, in the first few decades of the twentieth century, mechanization in large companies led to new methods and new ways of organizing labour. Manual mining was replaced by a digging machine operated by several men; automation was also introduced to recover the coal. But women still continued to sort coal. During the recession in the 1920s they were laid off on the surface, and around 1928 women were formally banned from entering the coal mines even as haulers. Nevertheless, very soon, in the 1930s, couples were working again and women were waste-haulers in larger companies, while in medium-sized companies and small labour-intensive mines they could be more important. Only after World War II were women in large companies no longer allowed to work down the mines. Footnote 80 Werner A, Vink S, Watt K, Jagals P. Environmental health impacts of unconventional natural gas development: a review of the current strength of evidence. Sci Total Environ. 2015;505:1127–41. Social capital represents social connections and the benefits they generate. Social capital can be sourced at an individual (e.g. family support) or wider collective level (e.g. volunteering) [ 28]. The framework used in the analysis demonstrated the link between CSG development and community fabric, neighbourhood interactions, community satisfaction, trust and cooperative norms. A description of the significant cost components that make-up the forward-looking non-IFRS financial measures cash operating cost and AISC per pound of copper equivalent produced is shown in the table below.

Jacquet JB, Stedman RC. The risk of social-pscyhological disruption as an impact of energy development and environmental change. J Environ Plan Manag. 2014;57(9):1285–304. Qualitative methods included In-Depth Interviews (IDIs), Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), and workshops with community members. Key informant interviews (KII) were also held with service providers. Development and implementation of the overall HNA was overseen by a steering committee of representatives from academia, government and the mining sector. A community champion provided local-level knowledge and support during participant recruitment and implementation. The qualitative findings for this paper are from the first two steps of the HNA framework. For the full HNA report with comprehensive methodology, refer to: http://www.wesleyresearch.org.au/wellbeing/.

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In her article “Women in the Silver Mines of Potosí: Rethinking the History of ‘Informality’ and ‘Precarity’ (Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries)”, Rossana Barragán Romano focuses on the direct involvement of women in silver production, refining, and trade. She reconsiders and historicizes what it is now called “informal” labour and the artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) associated with precarity and re-reads the history of mining in Potosí. The article argues that formal and informal employment developed at the same time because they exist in relation to one another. Barragán reconstructs how indigenous women played a crucial role in the early period of Potosí, between 1545 and 1575, underlining the complex process of work and division of labour that emerged later on. One of her main contributions to the analysis of silver mines is to show that a circuit based on small and independent workers developed in the second half of the eighteenth century and that women were actively involved in refining ore in rudimentary mills or trapiches, selling the silver obtained to the Bank of San Carlos. Outer regional communities discussed the effects of mining activity on the fabric of their town and community, whereas the inner regional community that had a longer history of industrial activity discussed the impacts on families and individual health and wellbeing. The findings from this study may inform future health service planning in regions affected by CSG in the development /construction phase and provide the mining sector in regional areas with evidence from which to develop social responsibility programs that encompass health, social, economic and environmental assessments that more accurately reflect the needs of the affected communities. House of Representatives; Standing Committee on Regional Australia. Cancer of the bush or salvation for our cities? Fly-in, fly-out and drive-in, drive-out workforce practices in Regional Australia. The Parliament of the Conmonweatlh of Australia, Canberra. Report. 2013. Doré Copper reports High-Grade Gold mineralization at Gwillim including 9.67 g/t au over 5.3 metres

Cash operating cost and AISC are non-IFRS financial performance measures with no standardized definition under IFRS. Refer to note at end of this news release. Doré Copper reports exploration drill results – intersects shallow mineralization grading 4.4 g/t Au over 9.8 metres at Gwillim Communities faced social, economic and environmental impacts from the rapid growth of CSG development, which were perceived to have direct and indirect effects on individual lifestyle factors such as alcohol and drug abuse, family relationships, social capital and mental health; and community-level factors including social connectedness, civic engagement and trust. Conclusions Luke Evans, M.Sc., P.Eng, ing., Valerie Wilson, M.Sc., P.Geo, and Marie-Christine Gosselin, B.Sc., P.Geo The activity of mining as centred on the work of men ignored the important domestic work carried out by women and children. The association of work with value in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries meant that only those “activities that were performed for pay or that generated income” were regarded as value-producing. Work was progressively perceived as a commodity. Labour was defined as such only if it had market value, that is, if it could be measured in monetary terms. Activities necessary to individual and collective survival and well-being which had only a socially useful value were ignored and regarded as counter-productive work, because they did not produce goods destined for the market, and, being unpaid, were not considered an “occupation” or “employment”. Footnote 108The numbers around 1924 are impressive because seventy-one per cent of women labourers were working underground. Footnote 48 There was also an existing culture of women's involvement in mines and working above ground, while men laboured underground. The traditional system was associated with men digging the coal while women transported it to the surface and sorted it outside. Footnote 49 There were, however, important regional differences even within Japan. In the Chikuho coal fields, husband and wife teams worked in the pits as coal diggers, and women accounted for thirty per cent of the pit workforce in the 1920s. Footnote 50 For cost savings, you can change your plan at any time online in the “Settings & Account” section. If you’d like to retain your premium access and save 20%, you can opt to pay annually at the end of the trial.

the nature of work in the mine and the culture of the miners meant a heavy domestic role for wives […] Work in the pit was both dangerous and arduous and was conducted in terrible conditions […] The routine of the household revolved around the routine of the pits and the needs of the miners, Footnote 114 CM 1: You know so we’re a corporate town, we’ve been ‘corporatised’ and now I think people are getting it in their head that they’re de-culturising and that if the town wants something, well the resource company will fork out the money and we’ll just leave it up to them and I think a lot of the young people are seeing that. They’re seeing that the school - you don’t have to work for it. Yeah that’s right the money will just come from them. You’re not seeing, like I was very offended to see those signs on the school on every side of the school there’s a [mining company] sign and I was thinking now hang on when the brothel comes to town, are they going to be allowed to sponsor the school and put their signs up and what about the hundreds and hundreds of parents over the years that have contributed to that school so where’s their name around the oval.” We lived with a kind of fear between the two communities,” Adam says. She and hundreds of other villagers have resolved to stay at Treguine and have started building houses on land allocated to them. “Here it is better because the Arabs will leave us in peace,” she adds.Underpins potential for low-cost organic production growth (other nearby assets, including Cedar Bay and Copper Rand) to be evaluated during LOM) Growth of CSG development has been rapid, in that approximately 1634 wells have been drilled between 2013 and 2014 alone, and reserves were being discovered at an unprecedented rate. Regional Queensland represents more than 90% of the total gas produced in the state [ 11]. CSG extraction often occurs on active farms and grazing properties, involving direct interaction with farmers and local community members, and there is some evidence that CSG development can bring about stress and anxiety [ 1]. There is also a huge demand for labour in the early stages of CSG development; these roles cannot be completely filled locally and thus large workforces often temporarily reside in ‘host communities’. Population influx and influence on community structure can impact social capital through reduced social bonds and networks and there is concern for increased risky lifestyle behaviours like drug use and alcoholism that spill over to the communities from the mine workforce [ 12, 13].

A second point at which women were excluded in much wider regions corresponds to the wave of legislation to protect women from the mid-nineteenth century to World War II. This period has to be understood in the context of escalating concerns in the West during the nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries about the impact of industrialization on the family lives of men and women. It is noteworthy that this new concern was combined with appeals to morality and the duties of motherhood, contributing to protective labour legislation to restrict women's hours and regulate their working conditions. Footnote 51 The idea of home, family life, and motherhood was used also to exclude women from unions, while the “home-and-motherhood argument” restricted women's participation in the labour market. Footnote 52 As research has shown, in many cases male domination of labour organizations played a crucial role in women's exclusion from work in the mines and in the removal of women from workers’ organizations. Footnote 53 Kelly B. Industry and rural health: part of the problem or part of the solution? Aust J Rural Health. 2015;23:124–6. Change the plan you will roll onto at any time during your trial by visiting the “Settings & Account” section. What happens at the end of my trial? This overview leads to more questions for the future than it can resolve. The emergence of large enterprises in coal, tin, iron, and other minerals, the creation of wage-workers in the mines, and technological advances necessitates a global history that could link these processes to the presence and eviction of women. The persistence, or growing importance, of women's work in small-scale and artisanal mining today, especially in the Global South as part of the globally connected mining industries, is a contemporary phenomenon that new research needs to historicize by focusing on ASM in the past. Given that the processes of proletarianization and industrialization have never been uniform throughout the world, small, artisanal, and independent mining might have been more important than we think in some regions, and the role of women might have been seriously underscored in the past, particularly in the Global South. Clearly, it is fundamentally important to analyse the role of ASM over time, and to study the long-run evolution of the gendered division of labour and the segmentation of demand and supply. We do not know, for example, whether the inclusion of women in mining today is due to a less sharp gendered division of economic activities or to a contemporary geographical expansion of extractive activities all over the world, requiring labour on a scale that did not exist before and within particular conditions. The transnational transformation of industry is now associated with flexibilized labour, subcontractors, and exploratory firms. This implies that the separation between “informal” and “formal” mining is somehow misleading because, as Samaddar has noted, throughout the history of capitalism there has always been a mix of the two. Today, contemporary capitalism uses cheap labour throughout the global supply chain, “ordaining” the informal condition of labour, particularly in the extractive industries linked to neoliberal policies. Footnote 106 In the case of Bolivia over the past decade, for example, a subsidiary enterprise of the Coeur d'Alene Mines Corporation used to buy the ores delivered by small artisanal miners without incurring the costs of extraction or the costs of labour. Here, there is a modus vivendi, with tensions between the state company, which has the legal lease of the mines and sub-leases them to the ASM (organized as cooperatives), which is characterized by informal, labour-intensive, minimally mechanized, and low-technology mining operations. Footnote 107 There are connections and even a vertical integration between the formal sector and the small-scale and artisanal mining of the informal sector.As the Devlin mine become depleted, the Joe Mann mine would be restarted. Once the mine would be dewatered, the Corporation would start an underground exploration program with the objective of augmenting the mineral resources to increase the mine life beyond the PEA study. As activities of care and domestic tasks were frequently performed at home and mainly by women, this change towards “unproductive” labour was not gender neutral. The perception of tasks and skills (such as childcare, cooking, keeping the household, nursing) as being “natural” for women originated a new gendered division of labour in the workplace and at home: men were supposed to be the principal wage earners for their families; women were supposed to participate in secondary, auxiliary roles as wives, mothers, and housewives. Footnote 109 Olympic swimming champion Ariarne Titmus’ ‘scary’ health dramaAussie Olympic champ Titmus opens up on ‘scary’ health drama